Old manual lenses for Canon (including Soviet lenses)

If you have a brand new Canon digital SLR camera, or just wanted to squeeze the maximum picture quality from your Canon DSLR and have no money for very expensive professional lenses, manual optics come to the rescue. In countries emerging from the former Soviet Union is very popular Soviet manual optics.

Manual lenses are manual focus lenses. Usually, manual lenses mean old lenses. In the old days, lenses and cameras did not have autofocus. note that Soviet lenses (all Soviet optics) is manual, i.e. cannot focus automatically. To work with a manual lens, you need to focus manually. This can be learned quickly.

Tessar 2,8 / 50 CZJena (GERMANY)

Tessar 2,8 / 50 CZJena (GERMANY). The lens is shown on a digital SLR camera. Canon EOS Digital Rebel XSi. Attaching the lens to the camera using M42-Canon EOS adapter with chip.

How to use old manual lenses on a Canon system? Very simple, to install an old manual lens on a Canon camera you need to find out what mount (bayonet) the lens is designed for. Basically, there are not so many types of fastening, this is the good old M42 thread, N mount and M39 thread.

M42 lenses need an adapter M42 - Canon EOS. This adapter is screwed onto the lens thread, and then the lens is mounted on the camera. All Canon cameras will automatically measure exposure. Moreover, it will be possible to shoot in any mode of the camera, even in automatic mode, although the aperture will need to be changed manually. It is very convenient to use the semi-automatic aperture priority mode (AV mode). When using an adapter M42 - Canon EOS will remain able to focus at infinity.

Conventional M42 adapter - Canon EOS without chip

Conventional adapter M42 - Canon EOS without chip

Attention 1. When using the usual adapter M42 - Canon EOS without a chip on the camera focus confirmation will not work. This means that you have to focus completely on the eye.

To solve this problem, you can buy an adapter with a chip. The chip usually allows focus confirmation and “tricks” the camera, after which the camera thinks that it has a native lens on it. The chip is also called dandelion, less often Lushnikov dandelion. In the dandelion, you can program the focal length of the lens and the aperture value (you can not do this). Because in EXIF all images of the lens will be indicated on the received images (possibly, except for the focusing distance). You can buy a dandelion separately and attach it to an adapter or buy an adapter with a dandelion right away.

Attention 2. The parameters set in the dandelion (the sewn focus and aperture values) practically do not affect the operation of focus confirmation, but affect the measurement exposure.

Where to buy?

An adapter for lenses with a M42 mounting thread can be mounted on Canon EOS digital cutting cameras buy from this link.

Super-Takumar 1: 1.4 / 50 Asahi Opt. Co. Lens made in japan

Super-Takumar 1: 1.4 / 50 Lens Asahi Opt. Co. Lens made in Japan. The lens is shown on a digital SLR camera. Canon EOS Digital Rebel XSi. Attaching the lens to the camera using M42-Canon EOS adapter without chip.

Lens with a thread mount can be attributed a very, very many lenses. For example, the Helios-44m-X family of lenses, some of the Jupiter lenses, some of the Industar lenses and others. A striking example is the Helios-44m-2 and Industar-50-2 lenses.

KALIMAR MC 50mm K-90 AUTO 1: 1.7 COATED

KALIMAR MC 50mm K-90 AUTO 1: 1.7 COATED. The lens is shown on a digital SLR camera. Canon EOS Digital Rebel XSi. Attaching the lens to the camera using adapter PENTAX K - CANON EOS.

For a lens with N mount, you will need to use an adapter Nikon mount F - Canon EOS. Yes, the N mount is the same as the Nikon system. Similarly, there is an adapter with and without dandelion. The most popular lenses with N mount: Helios-81N, MS Zenitar-N, MS Mir-47N, Mir-20N, MS Mir-24N, Kaleinar-5N, Tele-N, MS Granit-11N. Usually they have the letter “H” at the end of the name. You can read more about this adapter. here.

Soviet lens

Soviet Helios-44m-5 MS lens on a Canon EOS camera 350D Digital Attaching the lens to the camera using M42-Canon EOS adapter without chip.

For lenses with M39 thread, use the M39-EOS adapter or two M39-M42 and M42 adapters - Canon EOS (picture below).

Pay attentionthat lenses with M39 thread are available from two types of cameras - SLR and mirrorless. For normal operation on the Canon system, only lenses from SLR cameras with M39 thread are suitable, for example, such as Helios-44, white jupiter-9. Lenses from rangefinder cameras can only be used in macro mode, in more detail here.

Examples of M39 mount lenses

  1. Jupiter-9 85mm f2.0 (mirror version)
  2. Jupiter-11 135mm F4.0 (mirror version)
  3. Mir-1 37mm F2.8 (mirror version)
  4. Telemar-22 200mm F5.6 (mirror version)
  5. Industar-26m 50mm F2.8 P (rangefinder option)
  6. Jupiter-8 50mm F2.0 (m39, white, rangefinder)
  7. Jupiter-8 50mm F2.0 P (m39, white, rangefinder)
  8. Industar-26m 50mm F2.8 P rangefinder
  9. I-26m 52mm F2.8 rangefinder
  10. Industar-22 50mm F3,5 P rangefinder
Two adapters M39-M42 and M42 - Canon EOS without a chip

Two adapters M39-M42 and M42 - Canon EOS without chip

Lenses from Kiev-10, Kiev-15 "AUTOMAT"

Lenses marked “Automatic” from the Kiev-10 and Kiev-15 cameras cannot be used on modern central control centers, since the lenses have a very short focal distance. I have not met adapters, it will be difficult to re-sharpen, too.

Attention 3. When using lenses from rangefinder cameras under M39 on the Canon system, the ability to focus at infinity will be lost, and indeed, the focus limit will be in a few centimeters. This is due to the different working segments of the native optics and mirrorless. More details are written in the article. Soviet optics on Nikon.

For lenses with “B” mount, from medium format, you need an adapter Pentacon Six (Kiev-60) - Canon EOS. Bayonet B is exactly the same as the Pentacon Six, which is available in Kiev-60 medium format cameras. If the Pentacon Six - Canon EOS adapter is difficult to find, then you can use two adapters - Pentacon Six-M42 and M42-Canon EOS. B-mount lenses include Vega-12B, Jupiter-36B, Carl Zeiss Jena Sonnar 2.8 / 180 Pentacon Six.

For B-mount lenses, from medium format, you need to use two adapters Kiev 88 / Salute on Pentakon six + Pentacon Six (Kiev-60) - Canon EOS... Pentacon SIX also called P6 and Pentacon 6.

Attention 4. Mount C and B - two different mounts. People often confuse them. Be careful when choosing a lens.

Soviet lens

Soviet Mir-1 lens on a Canon EOS camera

And there are also very interesting interchangeable shank CCCP lenses. Typically, lenses are indicated with the letter “A” at the end of the name. This means that the back of the lens can be changed. You can install, for example, a shank with M42 thread, or with a fastener H, which one is needed. The shank is usually fastened with three locking screws, which are very easy to unscrew and then tighten back. Such lenses include, for example, the legendary Jupiter-37A. To use a Canon camera on a lens, you should install two KP-A \ 42 + M42 adapters - Canon EOS. Well, or absolutely with a perversion of KP-A \ H + Nikon mount F - Canon EOS.

Soviet lens

Soviet lens Industar-22 P

And so, we installed the old lens on the camera - what to do next? When using Soviet optics on Canon cameras, you should always rememberThat:

1. Auto focus will not on no Canon camera, even on the coolest Canon EOS 1DX. You will have to focus manually. Without a focus confirmation chip, it is very, very difficult to focus on sharpness, especially with open apertures. I advise you to immediately get a dandelion (chip).
2. A number of cameras have a mode live view - it will help to get into focus. Even if a dandelion is installed on the lens, the number of successful frames using focusing using Live View is much higher. It is very convenient to scale images on Live View for even more precise focusing.
3. Some lenses require refinement of the aperture control method. This usually comes down to blocking the blinking diaphragm mechanism so that the diaphragm can be controlled manually.

What is the penalty when using old lenses, new ones are much better, faster, etc. Here is a short answer:

1. Almost everything Soviet lenses suitable for full frame cameras. As you know, lenses for FF are much more expensive. So when changing crop to full frame, you will have a working lens and full frame. And you can also find medium format lenses that won't even give vignetting on the FF.
2. Lenses cheap. Of course, the issue is debatable, but the simple Helios-44m-2 is worth a mere penny, can be found for $ 10, and it gives a very good picture. For little money you can get a fast lens. But due to the boom in Soviet optics, for example, the price of Helios-40-2 reaches 1000 cu
3. Old lenses, when used properly, really give excellent picture resultGet accustomed to many useful photographic things. And for the sake of beautiful photography, all cameras and people work.

Two Soviet lenses

Two Soviet lenses shot from a Zenith camera

What can you start with from old lenses?

I am often asked what can be taken from the old Soviet optics on Canon, there is no definite answer, since each lens has its own purpose. Coming from the price / quality parameters, I recommend the following lenses:

  1. Helios-44 or any other modification of it. On APS-C cameras, Canon will work like a great portrait. The lens has excellent sharpness, high aperture and the legendary twisted bokeh. I recommend Helios-44 or any Helios-44M-X as the first Soviet lens on the Canon central shuttle.
  2. Industar-50 - just a good sharp fifty, probably the cheapest and most accessible Soviet lens and at the same time interesting to use.
  3. Jupiter 9 (any version of it). Wonderful portraiture and full frame and crop.
  4. Jupiter-37A. Wonderful portraiture. Easy to find. Canon’s APS-C is not very handy.
  5. Jupiter-21A or his brother Jupiter-21M. Great TV. Allows you to reach the deleted items.
  6. Vega-12B. Great portraiture.
  7. Granite-11N (Zoom Arsat 80-200). Zoom telephoto. Comfortable in using. Easy to find.
  8. Kaleinar-5N. Very sharp short telephoto.
  9. Industar-61 LZ. Very sharp fifty dollars, convenient for shooting small objects when using macro rings can provide excellent macro. One of the best lenses of the Soviet Union.
  10. Zenitar-M 50mm F1.7good sharp fifty dollars
  11. MS Helios-77m-4 or his brother MS Helios-77m
  12. Wave-3 80mm F2.8 MS great portrait

Conclusion:

On modern Canon digital SLR cameras, you can easily use the old Soviet lenses, as well as any other old manual lenses. More often than not, one adapter is enough to mount the lens on a Canon camera.

Thank you for attention. Arkady Shapoval.

Add a comment: Aleksey68

 

 

Comments: 679, on the topic: Old manual lenses for Canon (including Soviet lenses)

  • Vladimir

    Arkady, good afternoon. Please tell me, but when using Soviet lenses on cameras with ASP-C matrices, the focal length is recalculated in accordance with the crop factor, but in terms of aperture such recalculations should be carried out, and how does this generally happen? After all, lenses are designed for a full frame, and the manufacturer produces its own for matrices with crop and lenses, in accordance with this, the aperture of Soviet lenses on cameras with asp-c will be higher than native optics. Those. if on Helios 44m-4 2/58 close the aperture at f 4, then physically the “hole” will be wider than if a similar operation is carried out at 18-55 3.5-5.6. Am I reasoning correctly?

    • Arkady Shapoval

      Recalculation by aperture does not occur. The light flux density will be the same. Only under the crop, this light flux will fall on a smaller matrix.
      If they said differently, the exposure parameters, such as ISO, shutter speed, aperture, flash output with the same lens on the crop and on the small frame (including the film) for the same scene will be the same (in fact, almost the same, but the details can be neglected).

      • Vladimir

        Thanks Arkady. Here is a question not in the subject of this article. I shoot with Canon 400D + 18-55 3.5-5.6 is stm, no matter how hard I try, sharp pictures are not obtained, I have already used manual focus, and aperture at maximum, and ISO 100, shutter speed from 250 to 1000 (in the morning it was light and there was time ). I tried to turn on the auto (I only shoot on M), on M I tried objects in the light, landscape and much more, in different versions. I understand that for a clear answer I need to check my photosystem for quality, maybe the lens is defective, although in perfect condition, but still - with what can I achieve sharpness in the photo? Maybe you should switch to Nikon, or you need good optics? Or crooked hands ...

        • Novel

          On aperture 8, almost all lenses show good sharpness. Of course, if they are working and the subject is in focus. In your case, it can smear the camera, it can smear the lens. Find someone with Canon and check, exchange lenses, take a photo. I don’t think it’s so complicated.

          Take it off the tripod (an option - put the camera on the table if there is no tripod), but I can't imagine how much hands must tremble to give blur at such short exposures.

        • anonym

          What do you think is a sharp shot? Do you have any other lens?

          • Valery A.

            Aperture to the maximum? You didn’t mix anything up? With a maximum diaphragm (3,5-5,6), all whales are soapy.

  • Anonymus

    “And then there are some very interesting CCCP lenses with an interchangeable shank. To use on a Canon camera, it is worth installing two adapters KP-A \ 42 + M42 - Canon EOS on the lens. Well, or quite with the perversion of KP-A \ H + Nikon mount F - Canon EOS. "

    So there seems to be one adapter: T2 - EOS or something I confuse?

  • Sveta

    Tell me, please, do I have a Jupiter-8m 2/50 lens, will the M39 adapter only work for me?

    • Vadim

      This lens will not work on a DSLR. There will be no infinity. After all, Jupiter-8M is from a rangefinder camera. There the working segment is different.

  • Emil

    Hello. Thanks to this site I found a bunch of useful information! Thanks a lot!
    Now I want to ask. I found a Vivitar 90-230mm f / 4.5 lens and I can’t understand whether it can be used on modern cameras? There is a replaceable shank T4 / TX-mount, could not find the information. Most likely I was looking badly. Thanks in advance!

  • anonym

    Hello. I would like to talk about one unpleasant moment. On Canon DSLRs, and especially Nikon, m39 threaded lenses, even SLRs will not quite focus on infinity. The fact is that they have a working distance of 0,3 mm shorter than that of the m42. Accordingly, the adapter for them should be 0,3mm thinner. But, unfortunately, it is almost impossible to find such adapters, because this standard, unlike the m42, as well as the range-finder version m39 (working distance 28,8) is purely Soviet, and our Chinese friends unfortunately do not make adapters for purely Soviet standards . This problem can be solved by grinding the surface of the adapter onto these 0,3 mm.

    • anonym

      Glad for you, it’s bad that you have reached your mind. It was necessary to read it for a long time.

  • Tile

    Zdrastvuyte podskajite pojaluysta u menya fotoaparat canon6d mark 2 I obyektiv kalenynar 3v 2/8 150 ,, kakoy perexadnik mne nujen chtobi srabotalo obyektiv s cameroy ??

  • Tile

    Rezbaa ne znayu kakaya

    • Konstantin

      Even if you cannot find a thread in a reference book or on the Internet, you can always try it on. Any competent locksmith, having an appropriate thread gauge, can do this for you in 2-3 minutes. But you can also go to some center where cameras are repaired - there the repairmen will probably tell you.

  • Alexander

    Useful article! On account of the fact that no Soviet lens will have autofocusing, you are wrong. Look here - https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=48&v=1nHM6Kda3z8

    • Arkady Shapoval

      Well, well, that's just not everyone can do it.

    • Mark

      this is a hybrid, a rework, and not a Soviet af-lens.

  • Eugene

    Arkady, good evening.
    Tell me, please, but
    what about the diaphragm? In the combination of Helios 44 and canon, the diaphragm is constantly wiped out, in the canon there is no mechanical “release” to drive the diaphragm.
    Thank you.

    • Roman

      Cover with handles to the desired values. No other way.

    • Arkady Shapoval

      Set aperture manually

      • Eugene

        But no. Due to the design of the diaphragm trigger drive, it is forcedly open when the adapter ring is installed ...

        • Arkady Shapoval

          So it can and should be easily fixed

  • Vladimir

    Hello. Tell me, you may have encountered: I installed Helios 44 on a canon m50, through an adapter without a chip. Everything is fine, live view shows the focus area. But the shutter does not release. That is, it does not programmatically include video recording, photo snapshot. I press the buttons - it does not respond. With the native lens, everything is ok.

    • Artem

      Same problem on Canon M100. Didn't find a solution?

      • Ivan

        I have m200, but I think a similar menu. Click Custom Functions.
        On the 5th tab Release the shutter without a lens. The tab on your camera may be different, see everything.

        • Ivan

          Here is the second photo

  • Novel

    Good afternoon!
    Could you tell me if the excerpt from this article applies, namely: …… ”Some lenses require improvement of the aperture control method. Usually it comes down to the fact that you need to block the mechanism of the blinking diaphragm, so that the diaphragm can be controlled manually. ", To the Zenitar-M 1,7 / 50 lens? Would like to try it on Canon 7d via M42-EOS adapter.

    • B. R. P.

      On this Zenitar there is a switch with the letters M and A, just switch to M.

  • Maria

    Good day!
    Does anyone have experience using different adapters with chips.
    According to personal feelings, confirmation of focus is very slow, often the camera skips when you several times walk along the same point without confirmation. Maybe it's in the chip. On Nikon the same camera is much faster focusing is confirmed, the first time it hooked a point.

  • Edward

    Good day. Please tell me which adapter Kiev 5 to Canon is needed here

    • Arkady Shapoval

      Good day. Adapters from this CONTAX-Kiev mount to Canon EF / EFS do not exist.

  • Edward

    Here is another photo on the same issue

  • Edward

    No options? Thank you for answering

  • Leonid

    Dear comrades, I am extremely grateful for this material. I copied everything, printed it out (because there is no memory anymore). Now I will use this material. Remained lenses from Soviet technology. They are very high quality. And the cameras had to be handed over to the museum as unnecessary

  • Victor

    The article is very useful, take note. If they crashed the lens, buy a new one, it will be the same, there is a pair of Helios 44. We will bet, thanks !!

  • Vyacheslav

    Is there an option to use these lenses, so to speak, at full speed? Lenses suitable for a full frame can, after all, be connected to cropped devices through a speed booster and use the capabilities of a full frame on a crop. Is it possible to somehow contrive to connect some Helios to my Canon 650D carcass?

    • Roman

      Such a speed booster, in addition to shrinking the image, must also change the working segment. Either the circuit becomes more complicated, or the quality is worse. I don’t remember that it came across.

    • B. R. P.

      Only on the BZK.

  • Andrei

    Thanks for the stuff.
    Not sure what options in manual mode are there in EOS besides LiveView? Now I use Nikon D5000 - there in the viewfinder the green circle of the rangefinder lights up when you get into focus - very convenient and accurate (for me with my vision). With bursts of 3 frames with shutter lag 1-2 are sharp. I feel uncomfortable through the LCD screen, and the battery runs out quickly.
    I want to try some sprinkled EOS to get infinity on old M42 and M39 lenses.
    Questions:
    1. Is there some kind of EOS model with a rangefinder like the Nikon green dot in the viewfinder.
    2. If so, will it work with a simple mechanical adapter without a chip.
    3. If without a chip in any way, then how to drive the lens data into it?
    4. Do I need a separate chip adapter for each lens?

    • Andrei

      I re-read it two more times, like I found the answers to everything:
      1. Yes
      2. Not
      3. I do not know, I ask the help of knowledgeable people.
      4. Yes

      It remains only to ask 3.

    • Alexey

      you need an adapter with an EMF chip, it allows you to program a focus confirmation correction. Moreover, for the accuracy of this action, the aperture value 1.1 must be programmed in the chip, but the FR value can be any, it does not affect anything.
      but shooting in LV is very convenient. I wrote a lot where how to do it right with the help of ML.

  • Alexey

    Arkady, add to this article that text about the use of ML that I threw in the FAQ.

  • Anatoly

    Hello!
    More? How do the settings affect exposure metering?
    I quote:
    "Attention 2. The parameters set in the dandelion (hard-wired focal and aperture values) practically do not affect the operation of focus confirmation, but they do affect metering."

    • Michael

      At Canon, the focusing screen is darkened non-linearly with aperture cover. This is taken into account when operating the exposure meter. Therefore, the camera will give different ratios of e-couples depending on the parameters sewn into the dandelion. Crooked, but somehow

      • Kiryan

        And then how will he measure the exposure if there is no chip at all?
        I've taken an adapter without a chip, now I'm racking my head about how the exposure meter will behave (camera kenon eos 300, film. When installing the adapter, it writes the aperture value of 00, and in the M mode it even tries to show the exposure scale on the exposure scale, but to change the aperture value of the exposure answer inadequately, IMHO. And it will be possible to check all this economy only after snapping off the entire film)

        • Alexey

          a hundred times written on all Internet zabra - kenon measures exposure even on an empty bayonet. but Nikon can't do that. only the elders can, if the parameters of the optics are registered in the camera.

          • Maria

            I don't prescribe anything, the D800 measures the exposure on all lenses. I do not understand at all what needs to be prescribed there if the matrix illumination is measured. Only the diaphragm is not displayed correctly, but this is already from the category of "the best enemy of the good"

            • Ivan

              Maria, the exposure is measured not on the matrix, but on a separate exposure sensor. It sits on top of the prism, next to the viewfinder.

  • Valery Novikov

    Dear Arkady! question for you - I bought a Canon M50. Is it possible to adapt to it lenses from Asahi film pentax with bayonet mount? Are there any adapters? Thanks!

    • Arkady Shapoval

      Is. Pentax K - Canon EOS M.

      • Valery Novikov

        Thank you for your prompt and specific answer! But another question - has the problem with the protrusion on the shank of the objects been solved? they do not touch the matrix? Or should they be cut down?

        • Arkady Shapoval

          They don’t hurt, the adapter is very thick (long), 3-4 times longer than the rear protrusion, this is an adapter from a mirror lens to a mirrorless mirror, it compensates for the working segment (that is, the place where the mirror was, etc.).

          • Valery Novikov

            Thank you!

  • Alexey

    Good day.
    I am interested in this question. Actually there is a Helios 44th lens and a Canon EOS M mirrorless camera with a 1,6x crop. A conventional adapter multiplies the crop factor and the resulting focusing area is 93 mm.
    Perhaps there are adapters that would level out the crop and Helios 44th gave out its standard focal length, as in a full frame?

    • twm

      Alexey, each lens is calculated for a specific area on which it will project the image. The crop factor of aps-c matrices is essentially a direct indication of which part of the viewing angle should be cut off when a full-frame lens is used on an aps-c camera.

      For Helios, with its 58 mm FR and ~ 40 degree viewing angle, 1.6 crop will give an angle of view of 25: in other words, the crop sensor simply does not capture part of the projected image. You can return the “full angle” either by purchasing a camera with a “full-frame” sensor, or by purchasing a speedbooster adapter - ie. an adapter with a lens that will "collect" the image produced by 35 mm optics and project it onto the crop matrix.

      But such an adapter costs a lot of money (from ~ $ 70), and I don't know if there are EOS M versions for m42 lenses.

    • B. R. P.

      The adapter itself does not multiply anything, the crop factor appears only due to the smaller matrix size.

  • Alexander

    I uncovered my filming skills here. I bought a Canon EOS 50 for inexpensive, an adapter from Helios 44 to EF with and without a chip. And here's what is strange: the adapter with the chip seems to cling to the mirror: the camera no, no, and it will hang, throwing the mirror back after the release, and waits for me to reboot it. I look - an adapter with a chip with a bevel literally millimeter. And without a chip - without a chamfer.
    But that was not the case: I sealed the chip with electrical tape, as if it was not there. I put on an adapter with a chip and electrical tape. And made the camera take pictures. And she did it without freezing! That is, the matter is in the chip ... And this is the second adapter with a chip already like this ...
    The EOS 50 skips a frame at least (at least counts down). But the EOS 500n doesn't even do that, so every time after such a freeze one frame is damaged.
    I don't understand what this is :-( I want to somehow shoot without this freeze, although at the 50th, it seems, the frames do not suffer because of this.

    • Rodion Eshmakov

      Newer chips don't work well with some cameras, especially older ones. Take adapters without chips.

      • Alexander

        So it’s clear: also a way out. But I wanted to get an assistant with focusing: the old cameras have a mirror that is very inconvenient for manual focus (and I want to use old lenses).

        In this case, I took a Canon EF-M with Doden wedges. But EF-M is all unsightly, you can't choose exposure meter modes ... Dilemma :)

      • Alexander

        News on the problem! It turns out that the matter is not at all in the adapter. And the fact that three different Canon cameras literally got stuck curtains. Because in some old Canon cameras, the curtains were glued with some very strange substance, which eventually turns into resin. Fixed with nail polish remover, parton and cotton swabs

        https://www.instructables.com/Manage-Your-EOS-Cameras-Sticky-Shutter/

        Everything is working!

  • Anton Zaitsev

    Good afternoon. Thanks for the article, but I'm still missing something. So I took a Helios-44-2 with a chip adapter, everything is fine, I adapted to manual focusing, there is confirmation. But I don’t understand how the camera (450D) calculates the exposure. There is aperture priority, the camera has a constant value of 1.4, and let's say 100, on the basis of which the camera calculates what shutter speed to set, because it “does not know” what I have there on the aperture ring on the lens?

    • Michael

      You close the diaphragm, i.e. physically reduce the opening for the light. Less light means longer shutter speed. The light meter reacts to day and night and is the same here. Now, if the aperture is automatic (jumping rope), like modern lenses, then there will be an exposure error

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